Enterprise Resource Planning Systems Essay

The enterprise resource planning system attempts to integrate or integrates all the data and also processes of an organization into a system that is unified. A typical system of the enterprise resource planning uses the multiple components of the computer hardware and software so as to achieve the integration. The key ingredient of most of the systems in enterprise resource planning is the usage of a unified database in storing the data for various system modules. Comparison between customer relationship management and supply chain management Similarities Both customer relationship management and the supply chain management are examples of modules in the enterprise resource planning system which formally would have been stand alone applications. (Monk and Wagner2006) Differences The data that is contained in the supply chain management software includes; inventory, commission circulation, order entry, claim processing, purchasing, inspection of goods, product configurator, supplies scheduling and the supply chain planning. On the other hand the data that is contained in the customer relationship management software includes; sales and marketing, call center support, customer contact service as well as commissions. On the other hand the supply chain management is a process of planning, implementing and controlling all the operations of the supply chain with a lot of efficiency. While the customer relationship management covers the concepts which are used by various companies in managing their relationships with the customers and they also include capturing, storing, analyzing the customers, vending, partnering and also information on the internal processes. The operational functions of the customer relationship management involve providing support to the front office business processes which include service and sales and marketing. The operational functions of the supply chain management includes activities such as; the daily production and distribution planning, sourcing planning, inbound operations, production operations and also order promising. (Monk and Wagner2006) The supply chain addresses problems on the distribution network configuration, the distribution strategies, information, inventory management as well as the cash flow. On the other hand the customer relationship management addresses the issues marketing sales and service. The customer relationship management has the capability of executing all the three sub modules through the multiple communication channels and the data that is gathered by the CRM considers the privacy of the customer as well as the security of the data. On the other hand the supply chain management components are the third elements of the four square circulation frameworks. Differences between financial accounting and managerial accounting Type of information and confidentiality Financial accounting mainly concentrates on the production of the financial reports which includes profitability, the basic reporting requirements, stability, solvency and liquidity. The reports of this nature can easily be accessible by the external and the internal users. On the other hand management accounting is a branch of accounting which deals with primarily very confidential financial reports for the restricted use of the organizations top management. (Monk and Wagner2006)    Whereas the financial accountants follow the GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) that have been set by professional bodies in each country, the managerial accountants make use of the processes and also procedures that are not regulated by the standard setting bodies. On the other hand the multinational companies prefer employing the managerial accountants who have passed the certification in CMA. The certified management accountant (CMA) is an examination that is given by the institute of management accountant which is a professional organization for the accounting professionals. (Monk and Wagner2006)However the certification is very different and also unique from the chartered accountant certificate or CPA. Time period The managerial accounting provides the top management with reports which are future based while on the other hand the financial accounting provides reports that are based on the historical information. However even though the management accountants base their reports on the historical values they also employ the statistical methods so as to arrive at the future values. In both the financial and managerial accounting the enterprise resource planning systems benefits the workers in various ways. (Monk and Wagner2006) Information on the payroll of the sales people This information will be very useful in the management o the sales team in the Snackers sales department. This is because the manager will be able to know the consistency of each sales persons pay in relation to their performance. On the other hand such information will help the manager to pay the sales people according to the defined contract which could be inform of incentives, commission or a basic salary. (Monk and Wagner2006) Information on training of the sales people This information will be helpful in the management of the sales people since it will help in identifying the extent to which the sales people have been trained and also how far hey have been able to go with their training. This information is also useful since it helps in showing what the sales people have not been trained in and the consistency in their training. Such information will also be useful in the identification of the refresher courses on the sales people since such training is very important to the company sales and marketing strategies. (Monk and Wagner, 2006) Information on time and attendance of the sales people This information will help the management identify the employee’s trends in reporting and attending to their official duties. It will also help in identifying the employees who are consistent in their attendance and those who are not. Such information would be very useful especially when promoting the employees , increasing their   responsibilities, giving them incentives, taking any disciplinary actions and also in retrenchments and transfers. Information on the benefits of the sales people This information would be helpful to the management since it will give the basis of the benefits of the employees. Such information would help the company’s management to award the sales people with their correct benefits and incentives which they are entitled to during or after their term of service.

Armani Markting Plan Essay

Product:The original Armani Couture product line is the most well respected, developed and successful. Over the next three years this line should release all ties to the other products and become a stand alone business to differentiate itself and reestablish itself as the face of Giorgio Armani retaining its exclusivity and Brand distinction. This is the signature line or Armani and should remain under his management and direction. The other products Emporio, Collezioni, Armani Jean, A/X, Armani Jr. hould all be franchised to retain the Brand image yet capitalize on explosive growth potential. †¢ Promothion:ARMANI:Since  the  brand  was  founded  . almost  all  of  the  actress  have  had  close  contact  with  it  in  some  Large  awards  banquet,  Ã‚  ,such  as  in  the  Academy  Awards,  Cannes  Film  Festival,  you  can  see  the  well-designed  Armani  suit  dress. In  2005,  the  brand’s   new  Privecollection  suit  series,  priced  from  200,000  to  700,000  Yuan. Its  flagship  brand  Qiaozhi  Ou  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Armani  has  been  widely  praised  by  the  successful  people. †¢ Place:The private holdings of Giorgio Armani span over 35 countries. They include 16 Armani casa home furnishing stores. 13 Armani Junior stores offering clothing for early to late teens and the twenty something crowd. 11 Collezioni, 120 Emporio, 94 A/X Retail outlets and 60 Giorgio Armani Boutiques for Couture offerings †¢ Price:Positioning in high-grade, aim at wealthy . Armani as high-end luxury brands, the main target consumption group is the high-income class, successful man, a famous film star, senior white-collar workers, etc. ), the main products are men’s clothing brand.

Baroque Music

Baroque Music New style music began to be developed in 1600, and this form of music later was called the Baroque style. Baroque music is quite different from medieval and early Renaissance music, the development of new harmonies and melody lines adds rhythm and variation of the work, giving them new shapes and shapes. The structure of the music also changed, forming various forms such as fuel and cannon, and introduced various instruments. In the Baroque era, Baroque music represents the fundamental order of the universe, but it is always full of vitality and elegance The style of polyphonic music is exquisite decoration, which is the definition of baroque music The baroque music is not a musical style, there are a variety of styles ... Robert has personally experienced major changes in the music industry.To enter the music culture The first step was a junior high school where my father joined the school band.Tipping trumpet and baritone is a bait to invite him to music.This early lo ve for music is that a group of friends piano and guitar It led to the creation of a garage band to join. The era of baroque music occurred between 1600 and 1750, the style of Baroque art prospered throughout Europe; during this period the range and complexity of the music expanded. Baroque music began with the composition of the first opera (with the dramatic solo voice of the orchestra). In the Baroque era, the use of multiple simultaneous melody lines of polyphonic alignment music is still important (being aligned to medieval vocal music is very important). German Baroque's composer writes small orchestras such as string instruments, brass instruments and woodwind instruments, as well as choirs such as organ, harpsichord, harpsichord and keyboard instruments. During this period, several key music formats were defined. And it followed the late stages of further development and evolution, including Fugue, Invention, Sonata and Concerto. The late Baroque style is a complex, complex and lavish decoration. Baroque Music Baroque Music New style music began to be developed in 1600, and this form of music later was called the Baroque style. Baroque music is quite different from medieval and early Renaissance music, the development of new harmonies and melody lines adds rhythm and variation of the work, giving them new shapes and shapes. The structure of the music also changed, forming various forms such as fuel and cannon, and introduced various instruments. In the Baroque era, Baroque music represents the fundamental order of the universe, but it is always full of vitality and elegance The style of polyphonic music is exquisite decoration, which is the definition of baroque music The baroque music is not a musical style, there are a variety of styles ... Robert has personally experienced major changes in the music industry.To enter the music culture The first step was a junior high school where my father joined the school band.Tipping trumpet and baritone is a bait to invite him to music.This early lo ve for music is that a group of friends piano and guitar It led to the creation of a garage band to join. The era of baroque music occurred between 1600 and 1750, the style of Baroque art prospered throughout Europe; during this period the range and complexity of the music expanded. Baroque music began with the composition of the first opera (with the dramatic solo voice of the orchestra). In the Baroque era, the use of multiple simultaneous melody lines of polyphonic alignment music is still important (being aligned to medieval vocal music is very important). German Baroque's composer writes small orchestras such as string instruments, brass instruments and woodwind instruments, as well as choirs such as organ, harpsichord, harpsichord and keyboard instruments. During this period, several key music formats were defined. And it followed the late stages of further development and evolution, including Fugue, Invention, Sonata and Concerto. The late Baroque style is a complex, complex and lavish decoration. Baroque music The style of polyphonic music in the Baroque period contains elements contrasting exquisite decoration, which is the definition of baroque music. The Baroque era is a transition period of art and music. Renaissance means playback and is often seen as playback. Baroque music is not a collective style of music, it is many different styles that can be divided into at least three different periods. Through the Renaissance, people have new interest in art and music, which brings the Baroque era, it seems to be a more transitory phase and has brought the maturity of classical era classical music starting from the end of baroque . What is the essence of baroque music? Baroque music represents order, the fundamental order of the universe. But it is always full of energy and beauty. Music reflects the mood of the times, and then as usual. Through this short overview, from the beginning to the present, please follow the development of music with baroque music in the historical context. Music a nd playing are as stylish as anything else. Currently there are two ways to play baroque music. It is modern and real. Both names are misleading. A little understanding of these options will guide you to the recording you choose later. The performance of baroque chorus music requires life and vitality. Music is full of excitement. In baroque music, it is common for emotional matches to a certain part of composition. This comes from the Baroque view that individuals are always controlled by a single emotion or emotion. But this does not mean that music should not be ruthless. Baroque choral works may have more obvious emotions than the music of the Renaissance. Emotional contrast MUST be achieved when some part is over and the other part starts with new rhythm and new dynamics I like baroque music rather than classical music. I chose baroque music because it is more interesting. Classical music is just too simple compared to baroque music. In baroque music, more emotions are evoked. A good example is Four Seasons by Vivaldi. For me, classical music is too boring and repetitive. Baroque music always makes me wary, let me guess what will happen next. I care more about the meaning of the work than the meaning of the work. I like Baroque music, but I never crush classical music. Many wonderful pieces come from two era of music Baroque music The style of polyphonic music in the Baroque period contains elements contrasting exquisite decoration, which is the definition of baroque music. The Baroque era is a transition period of art and music. Renaissance means playback and is often seen as playback. Baroque music is not a collective style of music, it is many different styles that can be divided into at least three different periods. Through the Renaissance, people have new interest in art and music, which brings the Baroque era, it seems to be a more transitory phase and has brought the maturity of classical era classical music starting from the end of baroque . What is the essence of baroque music? Baroque music represents order, the fundamental order of the universe. But it is always full of energy and beauty. Music reflects the mood of the times, and then as usual. Through this short overview, from the beginning to the present, please follow the development of music with baroque music in the historical context. Music a nd playing are as stylish as anything else. Currently there are two ways to play baroque music. It is modern and real. Both names are misleading. A little understanding of these options will guide you to the recording you choose later. The performance of baroque chorus music requires life and vitality. Music is full of excitement. In baroque music, it is common for emotional matches to a certain part of composition. This comes from the Baroque view that individuals are always controlled by a single emotion or emotion. But this does not mean that music should not be ruthless. Baroque choral works may have more obvious emotions than the music of the Renaissance. Emotional contrast MUST be achieved when some part is over and the other part starts with new rhythm and new dynamics I like baroque music rather than classical music. I chose baroque music because it is more interesting. Classical music is just too simple compared to baroque music. In baroque music, more emotions are evoked. A good example is Four Seasons by Vivaldi. For me, classical music is too boring and repetitive. Baroque music always makes me wary, let me guess what will happen next. I care more about the meaning of the work than the meaning of the work. I like Baroque music, but I never crush classical music. Many wonderful pieces come from two era of music

Sino-American relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sino-American relationship - Essay Example Due to this common interest, United States is facing challenges in Eastern Asia. The United States, by applying proper methodology, can still be able to consolidate stable Sino-American relations. This can be attained by concentrating on issues such as; This serves to reduce suspicions of the different parties’ strategic intentions and creates a way for development due to the good relationship established between the two nations. Moreover, cooperation on a variety of specific bilateral and international issues of utmost importance to both sides is ensured. Deep suspicions of the other parties long-term strategic intentions are reduced thus creating confidence between the two parties. (Hiebert, 2009) The US support for Southeast Asia’s economic integration and the process of strengthening regional trade and creation of investment structures will bring about increased chances for U.S. exports to the area and thus improving the status of the people in the region. Creation of economic ties will in return deal with the challenge of smooth development of bilateral relations resulted by the sharp differences the two countries have in relation to trade and human rights. The challenge of cross-strait relation which brings about tension and disagreement between the U.S and China is therefore reduced as a result of mutual understanding as a result of the trading activities (Hiebert, 2009).

Website Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Website Analysis - Essay Example It has only used the phrases that must be used. This in itself sends a strong message. This tends to show that the company believes its their products, (Thomas and Stoddard 89). The website is easy to navigate. The key buttons are arranged horizontally on top of every page in the website. This means that a customer can access the index from any page of the entire site. The index is the first page of the website. It s also called the home page. In most websites, the index is accessed through a link button called home. The index is the image of the entire website. It shows a brief overview of the contents of the entire site and contains the main links. The Apple.com website has a well thought out index with well labeled links, (Thomas and Stoddard 89), making it easy for any visitor to navigate through the website. The Apple website has multiple articles. A website with exceptionally few articles show the company is either small or the site development was in a hurry. This website has many informative articles. The information varies from the products, history of the apple company to their future plan, (Thomas and Stoddard 89). Some of these articles carry information that would not be found elsewhere. This leaves the audience feeling the website is worth their time. The apple website is not static. It contains dynamic data. It is easy to see images swapping, products blinking, and images of Apple products just as they appear in the market, (Thomas and Stoddard 89). Moreover, the website is truly interactive. It is possible to check the features of apple products from the website, e.g. apple laptops, imacs, etc. Then order for it through the same website. The website can simply interact with its audience and achieve the intended goal. It has a place for enquiring any issue concerning Apple and its product, (Thomas and Stoddard 89). These are plenty of resources to download, ranging from text to audio data content. This data is

Is there a role for Trade Unions in the new employee relations Essay

Is there a role for Trade Unions in the new employee relations - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the examination of the role of trade unions in the new employee relations developed in businesses across Britain. The studies published on the above issue will be critically analysed; the studies will be identified using the following two criteria: a) studies published in Britain will be preferred by those published in other countries and b) recent studies - of the last 3 years - will be preferred - aiming to represent the actual interaction between the trade unions and new employee relations in firms across Britain. It is proved that the value of trade unions in supporting the rights of employees in Britain is quite high; however, in certain cases trade unions in Britain fail to respond to their role-mistakes in their strategies and their management style seem to be the main reason for this failure. On the other hand, the support of the state towards the unions has been limited - a fact that led to the further limitation of the importance of trade unions in representing employees in Britain. ... In fact, these unions have helped towards the improvement of the terms of employment in Britain - even under difficult political and social conditions. The development of trade unions in Britain has been extensively examined in the literature. Different approaches have been used in order to evaluate the role of trade unions in the specific country; all these approaches seem to have a common point of reference: the importance of trade unions for the improvement of employment in Britain is not doubted; however, it is assumed that the policies used by trade unions should be updated in order to meet the needs of current employee relations. 2.1 History of trade unions The history of trade unions is an issue that is often given less attention than required. In fact, most commonly, trade unions are related with their role - as intervening bodies in the resolution of employment disputes; the specific view is supported by Howell (2007, 5) who notes that 'trade unions often appear to exist only in order to solve collective action problems for employers having little independence existence or history'. Through a different approach is stated by Upchurch et al. (2009, 26) that 'trade unions in Britain have been less integrated into the post war body politik than in more corporatist countries like Germany'. The above view focuses on the relationship between trade unions and politics rather than on the importance of the history for the evaluation of the role of trade unions in British employment relations - like in the study of Howell (2007) mentioned above. In their first appearance trade unions were considered to be in opposition with law; for this reason, the participation of a person into these unions was punished. In accordance with the Combination Acts

Archeology and History of the People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Archeology and History of the People - Essay Example provides data and evidence that gives a unique perspective on history of human culture and other aspects, which has greatly contributed to a clear understanding of recent and ancient past. Archeology not only explores when and where humans lived, but also how and why they lived, which involves examination of cultures overtime through changes and patterns from when and how people came to inhabit a particular place, for instance, America. Archeology also explores and reveals information about origins of complex societies and other activities such as agriculture (Orser 102). History primarily relies on written documents and records to interpret great events, lives, which do not provide exclusive and conclusive information about history and culture of a people. On the other hand, archeology allows people to delve way back into the period before existence of written languages, and have a glimpse of everyday lives of these people through analysis of the tools they made and things they left behind. Similarly, archeology helps in understanding regions inhabited by people because it covers geographical regions, as well as all times periods. For example, through archeology, people have been able to understand the history and concepts of important topics such as Egyptian religion, colonial events in Jamestown Virginia, origins of agriculture in Near East, lives of Africans enslaved in North America, early Mediterranean trade routes and so on. Moreover archeology informs people about lives of families, individuals and even communities which would otherwise remain invisible to the current generation. Historical archeology, for instance, explores cultures that existed thousands of years ago or a period of recorded history in Old World, as well as a number of years ago in the... The paper explains the importance of this science. As the primary source of information of men's cultural evolution for long periods in the prehistoric times, archeology provides sustained efforts that has enabled tracing of man’s antiquity on the planet several years ago. This is achieved by the systematic study of fossils and tools embedded in terraces; through which humans can be able to learn the nature of mans implement of offence and defence, habitat, way of life and tool techniques. As such, archeology has achieved reconstruction of the Stone Age man’s environment, and also his adaptations and responses to the climate. For example, archeology has achieved reconstruction of proto-historic cultures of India, pushing back Indian Civilization from the Vedic period to about 3000B. Archeology not only provides primary source of the information on historical cultures of people, but also the supplementary source of the information. Evidently, it fills the gaps created by uncertainty found in the written documents and records about the historical period. For example, it provides valuable information about Ikshvaku dynasty, which had scrappy information before archeology came in. Likewise, archeology has revealed more information through excavations at Satanikota, Vijayapuri and Kaveripattanam, which show trade contacts with Romans during the early periods of Christian era.

Samsung Group of Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Samsung Group of Strategic Management - Essay Example The analysis provides a detailed description of the potential events for the future competitive environment as it is facilitated by the intensive innovation in the industries that Samsung Company operates. The analysis is concluded through outline the potential strategies that should be considered by Samsung and providing a detailed description of the three major strategies that should be implemented. According to the paper Samsung is a multinational company from South Korea that comprises of dozens of subsidiaries business that operate under the brand. Samsung was established in the year 1938 and its current operations are experienced globally. The most notable Samsung subsidiaries include Samsung Electronics and are considered the leading brand in the information technology. Samsung Company operates in a very competitive environment making it an ideal company to enhance the analysis for the project. The internal environment represents the events and factors that are within a company, which create an influence in the operations. The internal environment can also be referred as the micro-environment for a given company. The analysis of the internal environment focuses on the weaknesses and strengths that are exhibited within the domain of a company. The evaluation of the internal environment helps in understanding the competitive factor within the industry through analysis of the weaknesses. Also, it helps in understanding the improvement that can be facilitated by the strengths of the company. The other major factors that are considered in the analysis of the internal environment are the leadership style, the company’s culture, and the company’s mission statement. The analysis of the current internal environment of the Samsung Company can be evaluated by the understanding of the strengths and weaknesses within the company’s domain.  

An issue in the economic of human capital Essay

An issue in the economic of human capital - Essay Example It is important to measure individuals and specific countries on their abilities to deploy educated and healthy and even able workers based on different pillars including favorable working environment. Economics of human capital recognizes that not all labor is equal and it is important to invest on the employees to improve on their productivity. One important issue in economics of human capital is hiring and recruitment. The quality of employees hired will determine the success of the company in question. Hiring and recruitment involves advertising for specific job and attracting qualified candidates, interviewing them and then hiring the most suitable for the job (Brown 2). It is important for the HR to advertise for jobs candidly in a manner all the interested candidates will understand. It is also important to develop a computerized hiring system to ensure that there is no bias in the hiring of qualified candidates. It should also conduct surveys on regular basis to gauge the level of productivity of the applicants and the hiring managers. In recruitment, the size and the specific practices of the organization determines whether it is conducted internally or externally. Use of internet in all aspects of the recruitment process also makes the process efficient and effective. It enables the process to be unbiased. The members of the recruitment process are able to seek for potential candidates via various forms of social media including their website. Internal recruitment is the process of selecting candidates for a specific job in the same organization. The employee is mostly from the same workforce but is recruited for another role in the company. This is often the case in promotions or to be in a position to meet other urgent needs in the company (Murphy 3). The company may lack enough time to seek for other

Television and Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Television and Internet - Essay Example During the 1980's basic computers were bought by mostly techno-savvy individuals across the country. Some of the first home computers were the Timex Sinclair and the Apple IIC. The programs that would run on these computers were very basic. Compuserve was one of the first communications networks open to civilian use. Compuserve's service provided access to bulletin boards that provided a spot to post messages on specific topics and allowed real time communications via keyboarding much like the chat rooms of today. This 'chat' room opportunity drew many to the internet as a resource for real-time communications as well as providing a forum for posting of ideas and questions. Memberships to these bulletin boards were often anonymous and so freedom of expression took hold when users could identify themselves by 'user names'. With the more developed internet of the 1990's electronic mail (email) gradually replaced phone calls as the primary form of communication. Like any language, email developed its own grammar and syntax over time. Email language consists of mostly short sentences or sentence fragments. Feelings are often conveyed using typographical representations such as: : ) for happy, : ( for sad. Many other typographical representations exist. ... There are many other emoticons that are used frequently in email and chat rooms as well as blogs. Other types of language used in emails and chat rooms are also done using typographical representation. The most common one is called shouting and is when something is stated using only capital letters. 'LEAVE ME ALONE!' says a lot more than 'leave me alone'. The use of email and email record keeping has recently been mandated by law and are considered communications. Most notably is the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) rule that requires financial advisors and others in the securities field to maintain copies of emails. Securities firms such as Morgan Stanley and Merrill Lynch must keep electronic records of emails sent and received by their employees. The White House is currently embroiled in controversy over the loss of emails. "Millions of White House e-mails may be missing, White House spokeswoman Dana Perino acknowledged Friday. I wouldn't rule out that there were a potential 5 million e-mails lost," Perino told reporters.(Henry, 2007) Like Richard Nixon's White House Tapes, those emails are an important record of communications within the White House and are thus subject to monitoring and record keeping rules. 'Blogs' are the newest addition to the internet. Just about anyone can have a blog and experience being published. 'Blogging' is when someone, or organization, uses a web page format to write about specific topics. The blog also offers the opportunity for feedback from readers of these blogs. Blogs also offer an insider's look at current events. Soldiers stationed in Iraq have been publishing blogs about life in the combat zone. The Department of Defense has begun regulating what

Prostate Cancer in African American Men Essay Example for Free

Prostate Cancer in African American Men Essay Cancer has always been one of the most dreaded diseases of humans. This incurable disease has broken the hearts and spirits of many, and has continuously left an indelible mark in its patients lives. One of the cancer types associated with men is prostate cancer. The National Cancer Institute website defined prostate cancer as the type of cancer occurring in the male reproductive system, more specifically in the prostate tissues. This type of cancer is normally triggered in older men (n. d.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to this, the disease also reiterates that genetically mutated cells, known as cancer cells, are present in the prostate. The Prostate Disease website also added that tumors are formed, spreading to the different areas in the body. The spread of the said cells causes permanent damage to the normal functions to the different organs (2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aside from the fact that cancer is genetically transmitted, the underlying causes of prostate cancer are still undecipherable. The profile of an individual candidate for prostate cancer is usually taken into consideration. Since males are the only ones with prostates, the women are fortunately exempted from acquiring this disease. Race is another factor affected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Intercultural Cancer Council website stated that Prostate Cancer affects 37% of African American men (Baylor College of Medicine, 2007). It was also stated that the percentage rate of men afflicted with prostate cancer is relatively higher in Europe and in North America, as compared to Asia, Africa, and South America. Diet is one of the most unrecognizable causes of prostate cancer. Eating of food rich in carcinogens can increase the cancer rate in the body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the National Prostate Coalition website, African American males are afflicted by Prostate Cancer far more than the other types of cancer. In an estimation made by the same website, there were 4,240 prostate cancer deaths in 2007. The chances of genetically acquiring the disease are very big for African Americans. For a close relative afflicted with the disease, the individual has a one out of three chance of acquiring the cancer. For those who have two relatives afflicted with prostate cancer, the chances increase, with an 83% possibility. Worse, if there were three or more members afflicted, the possible acquisition of the disease is 97% (NPCC, 2007). Quite disappointing, but true.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The early stages of prostate cancer inhibit the patient from experiencing and seeing the symptoms. This is primarily due to the fact that these symptoms may also be caused by the presence of other diseases. Such symptoms may include frequent urination, urinary incontinence, presence of blood in the semen and in urine, erection difficulties, and agonizing ejaculation. Presence of at least two of the above mentioned should be enough basis for the patient to consult an oncologist or urologist at the soonest possible time (Marks, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Biopsy is one of the most reliable tests done in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. With the presence of a Urologist, a tissue sample is harvested from the patient using a needle. The sample is then forwarded to the Pathologist for extensive examination that could lead to the possible detection of prostate cancer. Several other tests are also performed after biopsy that act as the other opinions in proving the presence of cancer cells. Some of the tests include   a CT scan, bone scan, and an MRI (Strum, Pogliano, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the rampant upgrades in technology, several treatment methods have been available for prostate cancer. According to the website of the American Academy of Family Physicians, the tumor spread of prostate cancer plays an important role in the type of treatment used (2008). The most common treatments used were Radical Prostatectomy, Radiation Therapy, Cyrotherapy, and Active Surveillance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the used surgeries is Radical Prostatectomy. This process focuses on the extraction of the prostate gland and the nearby tissues from the body. This surgery requires the patient to undergo a general anesthesia, so as to avoid the unbearable pain that can be felt during surgery. As replacement, a catheter is placed through the penis so that urination may be facilitated while the wounds are healing (Blasko, Grim, Sylvester, 2003) .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Undergoing Prostatectomy is one of the most certain treatments for prostate cancer. The removal of the prostate and its nearby tissues inhibits the spread of the cancer cells to the other parts of the body. This also gives the doctor firsthand information of the results, giving them enough evidence as to whether the cancer will spread or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Radiation Therapy on the other hand, does not involve any surgery. Instead, the procedure makes use of x-rays whose energy is high enough to kill cancer cells. For this specific disease, two types can be used. These are the External beam and the Internal. The External beam uses a machine that beams radiation from the outside of the body. The target of the beam is the prostate, making sure that radiation is exposed on the pelvis and in the prostate. The side effects for this treatment include diarrhea, rectal irritation, bleeding and painful urination. Sometimes, this therapy may also cause impotence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Internal radiation therapy, as compared to the external beam, emits radiation seeds that were implanted on the prostate. These seeds are powerful enough to kill cancer cells, but may be very painful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cryotherapy, according to the Prostate Cancer Institute website, is one of the newest therapies discovered in the 1990’s. The treatment utilizes the freezing of the prostate gland, destroying the whole organ, including the cancer cells that may be incorporated in the process. The process requires the patient to undergo general anesthesia, and is over in about two hours. The side effects experienced by the patient are usually treated after a few weeks. These may include urinary incontinence, pains in the pelvis, and swelling in the scrotum (2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Active surveillance, on the other hand, is yet the most simple among all treatments. The patient does not undergo a specific treatment, and instead is in close communication with the physician. This process includes regular tests and exams that monitor the health of the patients (2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Having to bear the pain of prostate cancer and the thought of actually dealing with the disease is heartbreaking for anyone. The best thing to avoid such heartbreaks is to try and avoid contacting the disease. According to the WebMD website, the consumption of food rich in fiber can be very beneficial in the prevention of the disease. These include the consumption of tomatoes, vegetables, and soy products. In addition to this, researches are being conducted in finding the correct preventive measures of prostate cancer. Some of these researches include the fact that the administration of a Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) helps in the protection of men from having prostate cancer. Another is the fact that drinking red wine also helps in the prevention of prostate cancer (July 24, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regardless of what the effects of prostate cancer are, what is important is the fact that people, cannot avoid such disease. May they be Caucasians, Asians, or even African Americans; no one is exempted from having such. We all just have to take good care of our bodies, and of our lives. References (24 July 2006). Prostate cancer health center: Prostate Cancer-Prevention. Retrieved March 20,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2008 from http://www.webmd.com/prostate-cancer/tc/prostate-cancer-prevention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American Academy of Family Physicians. (2008). Prostate Cancer Treatment Options.   Ã‚   Retrieved March 20, 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/common/cancer/treatment/264.html Intercultural Cancer Council. (2007). African Americans Cancer. Retrieved March 20,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2008 from http://iccnetwork.org/cancerfacts/cfs1.htm Strum, S.B., Pogliano, D.L. (2005). A primer on prostate cancer: The empowered patients   Ã‚  Ã‚   guide. Life Extension Media. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Prostate Cancer. Retrieved March 20, 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/prostate Marks, Sheldon. (2003). Prostate and cancer: A family guide to diagnosis, treatment and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   survival. Perseus Books Group. Grimm, P., Blasko, J., Sylvester, J. (2003). The prostate cancer treatment book.   Contemporary    Books. Prostate Disease. (2006). Prostate Cancer. Retrieved March 20, 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.prostatedisease.org/prostate_cancer/default.aspx Prostate Disease. (2006). Prostate Cancer- Causes and Risk Factors. Retrieved March 20,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2008 from http://www.prostatedisease.org/prostate_cancer/risk_factors.aspx Prostate Cancer Institute. (2006). Cryotherapy for Prostate Cancer. Retrieved March 20, 2008    from  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.prostate-cancer-institute.org/prostate-cancer  Ã‚  Ã‚   treatment/cryosurgery.html

Analysis on John Locke’s Prose Approach Essay Example for Free

Analysis on John Locke’s Prose Approach Essay John Locke’s politically inclined state of establishing the innate sense of liberalism in his work is a manifestation of his political theories as well as with his deliberative arguments on certain instances that belie the natural and rational premises landscaping the governmental realm of ethical obligation as vanguard in illustrating the various interpretations reputable laws. Locke’s character in prose has dignified his capability to distinguish the form of biases which coherently occur in most obscure pieces in the world of literature (Locke, 1994). Moreover, such is evident that his contributory echelon on political philosophy and argumentative statements on ideas which seemed to be true to the eyes of many has been refuted in the most intellectual manner thus substantiating such manifestos in a precise and concise way (Locke Goldie, 1997). Perceivably one of the astounding works of the aforementioned author is Two Treatises of Government, wherein he had been named as a father of modern constitutional state thus creating a masterpiece crediting his worth as a writer and a historian (Forster, 2005). The amazing factor of his work is well delivered in his method in categorizing the ideas which he wishes readers to swim on to thus not making them leave the gist of the whole thought. In the light, he expands his words to a rather conventional type but not too obsolete for that instance, so as not to drive away the enthusiasm of his work the contemporary state (Forster, 2005). His prose, being factual and persuasive at the same time explicitly denote his grandeur and ability to trigger classical concerns yet delivering an association if unorthodox political opinions armed with spontaneous solutions to his established squabbles . The fundamentals surfacing in his works may utterly sound confusing; however, it could then be taken to assumption that such is a ‘tricky’ way to launch a new label in the vortex and competition in prose writing and English mind despotism (Simonds, 1995). References: Forster, G. (2005). John Lockes Politics of Moral Consensus. New York: Cambridge University Press. Locke, J. (1994). Two Treatises of Government. United Kingdom: Salem Press, Inc. Locke, J. , and Goldie, M. (1997). Locke: Political Essays. New York: Cambridge University Press. Simonds, R. T. (1995). John Lockes use of classical legal theory. International Journal of the Classical Tradition, 3(4), 424.

Cultural Issues: Forced Marriage

Cultural Issues: Forced Marriage Marriage; â€Å"The legal status, condition, or relationship that results from a contract by which one man and one woman, who have the capacity to enter into such an agreement, mutually promise to live together in the relationship of Husband and wife in law for life, or until the legal termination of the relationship.† (Bouvier J, nd) In British culture, marriage is considered a union of two individuals who wish to commit to one another for the rest of their lives and take their relationship to the next level. Forced marriage is a controversial type of matrimony, which exists in the United Kingdom today, the United Kingdom, has an extremely multicultural society where modern and traditional beliefs often collide, especially between different generations that have different ideas and ideals. Forced marriage is conducted without the full consent of one or both parties and is common in the Middle East and in some parts of Asia and Africa (Smith, 2006). In order to understand why forced marriages take place, it is important to be aware of what values drive people to force their child into a marriage. Many young men and women suffer in silence and it may seem outlandish to some that this custom, which is considered inhumane by most people in the United Kingdom, is allowed to continue within modern British society today. This piece will describe forced marriage and the reasons why it takes place, it will also discuss some of the laws and protection offered to people affected by forced marriage. Forced marriages occur in a number of minority communities within the United Kingdom (UK) and often involve the forced spouse being sent abroad to get married or being forced to marry within the UK. Although this form of marriage is accepted and popular within some cultures, the concept of forced marriage is not favoured in the United Kingdom (Smith 2006). In 2009 the Forced Marriage Unit gave advice or support to 1682 cases of forced marriage, 86 percent involved females and 14 percent involved males. There were also many more cases that went unreported (Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 2009). One particular reason why the majority of people disagree with the act of forced marriage is because it is recognized as an abuse of human rights and also a form of domestic violence. The victims of forced marriages, who are often young women, may experience abduction, imprisonment, sexual abuse, physical and mental abuse and sometimes even murder. Forced marriages are not supported by any of the major religions within the United Kingdom. Whilst opinions on the nature of marriage may differ between the different religions, they all agree that some level of consent is necessary. Families may put pressure on a victim, or even use emotional blackmail, to make the victim believe that if they do not agree to the forced marriage then they are going against their religion, this is untrue. It is important to make clear that forced marriages are different than arranged marriages. Although arranged marriage involves parents choosing a partner they deem suitable for their child, the marriage is only organised by parents or family members once both of the marrying parties have consented. Arranged marriage is a tradition that has worked effectively within many communities for a very long time. However, forced marriages may sometimes be mistaken for arranged marriage as one or both of the parties may feel as though they have no choice but to consent due to the pressure put onto them from their family. Emotional blackmail is very common within the lead up to a forced marriage and families may tell the victim that they will bring shame to the family if they do not go ahead with the arrangements. The victims family may threaten to disown and reject the victim and leave them homeless if they go against their familys wishes. If a victim decides not to go ahead with the forced marriage they may be taken prisoner in their own home and those who are still in school may be taken out and miss vital education as their family fears they may tell somebody who can help them to escape the situation and run away from the marriage. Forced marriage may be a parents way of sustaining a cultural tradition. Culture and tradition are important aspects in peoples lives, as they are a strong foundation of ones faith and beliefs. Some cultures believe their family can only be respected if their children marry within certain families. Arrangements are made for their child to marry the person of the parents or elders choice and the child has no say. Parents may find themselves under pressure from extended family to marry off their children and in some cases the decision of who their child will marry is made in infancy. Much of the time a victim of a forced marriage will never have met or even spoken to their husband before they are married. In some cultures, marriage is considered a fusion of two families, not merely the joining of two individuals, that is why bloodlines and reputations matter. Love is expected to come after the marriage in the case of a forced marriage, and it is believed by some that the mystery of ones partner keeps the relationship interesting and long lasting. In a forced marriage, the pressure from the society in which the couple live and from the two families involved often keeps the marriage together whether or not it is a successful union. Divorce is very often not an option when there is so much pressure for a person to stay in a marriage (Sabreen, 2005). Violence is often used against the victim of a forced marriage and in the very worst cases victims are murdered in what are sometimes referred to as ‘honour killings. ‘Honour killings are murders by families of those who are believed to have brought shame upon the family name. This ‘shame could be down to a person refusing to enter into a forced marriage or having a relationship with somebody that the family do not approve of. A recent example of an ‘honour crime committed in the United Kingdom was the murder of Banaz Mahmod who was just twenty years old at the time of her murder. Her body was discovered inside of a suitcase buried in a Birmingham garden in April 2006. Banaz was one of five daughters from a strict Kurdish family and after entering into an arranged marriage at the age of sixteen, she was expected to fulfil the role of doting wife and mother. Aged nineteen, Banaz fell in love with another man and it is this that led her father, uncle and other family friends to kill her. These were the people she should have been able to turn to and trust in times of need. Banazs crime was dishonouring her father by leaving her unhappy marriage and falling in love with another man from a different Kurdish clan. The police had already been warned by Banaz that her life was in danger on four separate occasions before she vanished, and she had included in a letter, the names of some of those involved in h er death (BBC News, 2007). It is often believed in the UK that marriages made from love offer more independence and freedom when compared to forced marriages. Those involved in a forced marriage experience pressure to meet the expectations of their parents. One of the main arguments against a forced marriage is how can a person be expected to marry somebody that they do not know. Two people knowing each other before marriage allows partners to have respect and an understanding for each others needs and wants. In a traditional British marriage, those getting wed are the primary decision makers and parents and other family members are there merely to support the couple. It is down to the people getting married whether the marriage will be successful or not. Parents and other family members opinions may still be important but it is the individuals getting married that are the ones who should be taken into consideration. Forced marriages are extremely likely to have severe psychological, emotional, medical, legal and financial consequences. Victims are often isolated from friends and peers and rarely have access to the services that could assist them; this makes it increasingly difficult to escape the marriage. Forced marriages may become violent as the relationship is often based on the power of one spouse. Rape occurs frequently within forced marriage and apart from the obvious psychological problems this causes it also may have other severe consequences including the transition of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, as the victim, especially if young, may enter into a marriage with someone of sexual experience. As forced marriages often take place when the victim is still very young, they could be deprived from their right to education and the possibility of economic independence from their spouse is extremely limited, again making it difficult for them to escape their situation. It is increasingly common for an immigrants family to send a victim back to their country of origin to marry or to force a victim to marry a spouse sent from the country of origin. In some cases, victims of forced marriages may also be considered trafficking victims. Due to the unofficial nature of many forced marriages, often a victim is left with no legal protection in the case of a separation. Many families circumvent the law by entering into traditional Muslim marriages, which are not registered or recognised by the state. In the event of a separation, the couples assets would not be divided equally as would be the case if you were to become divorced under UK law. The victim may be left homeless and with no pos sessions, especially if the victim is a female. Law on marriage in England and Wales is governed by The Marriage Act 1949 and the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973. The minimum age a person in the UK can consent to marriage is 16, although a person under 18 also needs their parents to consent to the marriage. Those marriages that take place abroad in accordance with the correct formalities required by that countrys laws are usually recognised within England and Wales, providing both people involved have the capacity to marry. The Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 says that a marriage is deemed invalid if either of the couple did not consent to it, whether it is the consequence of pressure, unsoundness of mind, a mistake or otherwise. Unfortunately, victims of forced marriages are rarely aware of these provisions or are too afraid to use them. As forced marriages often happen when the victim is young, they can lack the confidence to challenge their situation. (Home Office Communications Directorate, 2000) â€Å"No marriage shall be legally entered into without the full and free consent of both parties, such consent to be expressed by them in person after due publicity and in the presence of the authority competent to solemnize the marriage and of witnesses, as prescribed by law.† (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2007) Every individual in the United Kingdom has the right to choose the person that they marry. Whatever religion you follow, age and sexuality you are and whether or not your family approve of your choice, you have this fundamental right. Although at present there is no legislation in the United Kingdom clearly banning forced marriage, and it is not recognised as a specific criminal offense, there are several actions that may happen in the process of forcing someone to marry that are criminal offences, these include assault, abduction, rape and imprisonment to name just a few. A person who commits one of these crimes, regardless of whether they are a relative is likely to be prosecuted. In 2004, the Government extended its definition of domestic violence to include acts committed by intimate partners as well as family members. As a consequence of this, forced marriage and other ‘honour crimes, are now considered as a form of domestic violence. An Act of Parliament called The Forced Marriage (Civil Protection) Act 2007, provided courts with the power to make Forced Marriage Protection Orders which are put into place to stop a person forcing another into marriage. British law also allows the courts to protect those victims who have already been forced into marriage and help them to escape their situation (forcedmarriage.net, 2009). A marriage in the UK requires the consent of both parties involved, if this is not given, the marriage is invalid. Although most forced marriages take place outside the jurisdiction of the UK, if a marriage does take place abroad and one part wishes to end it, divorce is legal. Alternatively, a couple can stay married but live apart with no legal sanction against them. There are only a few countries that have criminalized forced marriage itself, for example Croatia expressly penalizes forced marriage, including criminal acts directed against sexual freedom and sexual morality. Criminalization is not universally accepted as being the best way to eradicate forced marriage and the United Kingdom decided against making it a criminal offence due to concerns that victims would not wish for their families to be punished (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2007). Forced marriages are widespread but many local efforts to prevent these marriages have been successful. Crisis lines, womens shelters, schools, groups and even monetary incentives have all been effective in postponing marriages for girls and helping to stop forced marriages (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2007). There are a number of organisations that have been set up in the UK to help and support victims of forced marriage. Southall Black Sisters was created to provide information and support to women and children experiencing domestic violence, including forced marriage and honour crimes. The aim of their service is to help people to escape violence and abuse and help them to deal with a range of problems such as rape, suspicious deaths and matrimonial issues. Their work consists of making recommendations to the Home Office, Social Services, Police, Schools, Health Authorities and the Foreign and Consular Service on how to deal with those who face the possibility of forced marriage and the problems surrounding it. The Southall Black Sisters have concerns that there is reluctance from the statuary agencies to intervene in cases of forced marriage as it is viewed by some as a cultural practice and they do not want to appear racist by intervening in such cases. They campaign for widespread acceptance that it is not racist to intervene and that it is the human right of all women no matter what their religion or culture to be afforded state protection against any kind of violence (Southall Black Sisters, nd). Conclusion: In the United Kingdom we ban all sorts of cultural practices, for example, Female Genital Mutilation. When the harm caused to an individual is so huge, the ‘rights of a group must be sacrificed and it is important for the law to step in and intervene. The rights of an individual should not be put behind those of a particular culture. Some may argue that banning forced marriage would victimise and disassociate groups of people with wider culture but how much more victimised can a person be than being forced into a marriage against their will? It is important that the authorities are sensitive to cultural differences but the softly, softly approach taken towards communities where the practice of forced marriage takes place has already led to thousands of people being kept under house arrest, many being physically abused and there have been some cases of ‘honour killings within this country. Banaz Mahmod had sought help from the police four times before she met her death and unfortunately the only time the police responded was when her lifeless body was found. Perhaps if there was more awareness and stronger laws surrounding the issue of forced marriage, Miss Mahmod could have married the man who she had loved and would still be living today. It can be understandably difficult to detect forced marriages as physical and mental coercion is not usually involved with the wedding itself and even if evidence of physical or mental abuse is found, it is hard to link this with any alleged forced marriage as the victims are often scared to of the consequences of talking to authorities, however, If forced marriages were banned, police investigators would be able to look at DNA samples and conduct interviews with those involved in the wedding and could put together a case to prove that a marriage was not made in true consent of one or both of the spouses. The arrest of suspected initiators of forced marriage would also give the victim time to flee to safety and plan their future. Although legislation is in place against the crimes that often come hand in hand with forced marriage, a ban would also send out a clear message to society that forced marriage is not a custom that is tolerated in the United Kingdom. It would also show those that are being forced into marriages that the UK law is on their side, which may well increase the number of people that come forward to the authorities as they may feel less isolated. Marriage should not be something performed to satisfy cultural traditions; instead, it should be looked upon as a sacred union of two individuals engaged in a relationship built on love and maturity. A persons future cannot be dictated by cultural traditions and ideas, the success of a marriage can only be shaped by human judgement and maturity. Therefore traditions and other concerns are unacceptable reasons for an individual to be forced into marriage. References: â€Å"A womans right to choose a spouse and enter freely into marriage is central to her life and her dignity and equality as a human being† Norfolk, A. (2006). Despair as forced stay legal. Retrieved November 24, 2006 Smith, J. (2006). Forced Marriage. Retrieved March 4th, 2010 â€Å"Marriage should be entered into only with the free will and full consent of the intending spouses† (Universal declaration of human rights, Article 16) http://www.forcedmarriage.net/media/images/FMU-FM-Guidance-SocialWorkers_73.pdf http://www.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/2855621/what-is-forced-marriage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AoGwwlFw20s http://www.mcb.org.uk/uploads/wrongnotright.pdf http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/eastmidlands/series6/forced_marriages.shtml http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/when-things-go-wrong/forced-marriage http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/safeguardingandsocialcare/safeguardingchildren/forcedmarriage/forcedmarriage/ http://www.forcedmarriage.net/ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-461378/The-tragic-story-Banaz-Mahmodfell-love-19-family-killed-her.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6766207.stm http://www.southallblacksisters.org.uk/songs.html Bouvier J, (nd),available at: http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/marriage accessed on 5th March 2010 Home Office Dictorate (2000), available at: http://www.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/pdf14/fco_choicebyright2000 accessed on 2nd March 2010. (Article One: Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, available at: http://www.stopvaw.org/Forced_and_Early_Marriage.html 2007 (forced and early marriage (2007)

Civil War and The Souths Loss Essay -- American History, Historical C

Civil War and The South's Loss â€Å"In all history, no nation of mere agriculturists ever made successful war against a nation of mechanics†¦You are bound to fail.† Union officer William Tecumseh Sherman to a Southern friend. â€Å"Why did the North win the Civil War?† is only half of a question by itself, for the other half is â€Å"Why did the South lose the Civil War?† To this day historians have tried to put their finger on the exact reason for the South losing the war. Some historians blame the head of the confederacy Jefferson Davis; however others believe that it was the shear numbers of the Union (North). The advantages and disadvantages are abundant on either sides of the argument, but the most dominate arguments on why the South lost the war would be the fact that state’s rights prevented unification of the South, Jefferson Davis' poor leadership and his failure to work together with his generals, the South failed to gain the recognition of the European nations, North's superior resources made the outcome inevitable, and moral of the South towards the end of the war. First, the South couldn’t have won the civil war because state’s rights prevented unification of the South. The very issue that created the Confederacy helped to destroy it. In waging war, the South faced problems of politics and government that greatly complicated its problem of economic mobilization. No one would deny the troublesome effect of the conflict generated by differing ideas of how best to protect liberty and to organize southern society for the war effort. Southern people insisted upon retaining their democratic liberties in wartime, which proved fatal for the South. They had to struggle with a â€Å"confederacy formed by particularistic politicians [that] could hardly be expected to adopt promptly those centralists polices which victory demanded† (Donald, p. 26). Individual state governors fought bitterly with Jefferson Davis to prevent him from consolidating power to fight the war. They withheld troops and supplies while the Confederate Congress sp ent its time arguing over the rights of the states instead of prosecuting a war of national survival. Many internal conflicts within the South were acquiring and weakening the South’s unity. Internal conflicts caused confederate officials to choose between moving troops from the coasts and strengthening their armies, or leaving the... ...iled to gain the recognition of the European nations, North's superior resources made the outcome inevitable, and moral of the South towards the end of the war. The Civil War was a trying time for both the North and the South alike, but the question of its outcome was obvious from the start. The North was guaranteed a decisive victory over the ill-equipped South. Northerners, prepared to endure the deficit of war, were startled to find that they were experiencing an enormous industrial boom even after the first year of war. To the South, however, the war was a draining and debilitating leech, sucking the land dry of any appearance of economical formidability. The debate continues whether or not the South could have won the Civil war. It’s always going to be a bunch of â€Å"what ifs?† Works Cited Beringer, Richard. et al. Why the South Lost the Civil War. Athens: University of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Georgia Press, 1986. Boritt, Gabor S. Why the Confederacy Lost. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992 Donald, David. et al. Why the North Won the Civil War. London: Collier Macmillan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Publishers, 1960. Gallagher, Gary. The Confederate War. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Modern Economic Growth Essay -- Economics, Technological Progress

Theoretical model of modern economic growth shows that long-term economic growth and raise the level of per capita income depends on technological progress. This is because of without technological progress and with the increase of capital per capita, marginal returns of capital would diminish and output per capita growth would eventually stagnate (Solow, 1956; Swan, 1956). Studies have shown that â€Å"experience, skills and knowledge in the long-term economic growth is playing an increasingly important role† (World Bank, 1999). Despite how technological progress work on economic growth, and how there are different views on the role of in the end, but I am afraid no one would deny that technical progress in the important role of economic development. In this sense, for a country to achieve long-term economic growth, we must continue to promote technological progress. However, economic growth theory is analyzed in general, and usually under the assumption that in the closed ec onomy, and technological progress in a country not normally have taken place in various departments at the same time, and now the economy are often increasingly open economy. In this way, the technological progress in different economic impact on a country may be quite different. In addition, we assume that technological progress is Hicks neutral, is to an industry in itself, but technological progress also reflects the establishment of new industries and development. The new industries and technology-intensive industries generally older than the high, the use of less labor. Even the old industries, the general trend of technological progress is labor-saving. However, despite the long-term economic growth, technological progress is very important, and even if we... ... technological progress (the actual cost of the actual producer prices drop or increase) caused. (Note: Of course, if technological progress is the price of the product after the fall, FG Theorem is not established, so it does not necessarily affect the distribution of income, such as SS as shown in Theorem. However, a small country in the open cases, product prices given by the international market, so the assumption that commodity prices remain unchanged or valid, FG theorems generally be valid.) Obviously, if technical progress can not be changed after the factor prices, the production of the two departments, the capital / labor ratio would not change, then the imbalance in supply and demand factors will occur. If this imbalance can not be adjusted by the factor market, some elements will be in short supply, while the other elements will be unemployed or idle.

The Dialogue of Teenage Boys Essay -- Dialogue Conversation Essays

The Dialogue of Teenage Boys Beep! Beep! Beep! That damned alarm, the most hated of Joe’s possessions, began its insistent whining at precisely 7:15 AM on July 5th. A fist groggily snaked out from underneath the Charlie’s Angels blanket and hit the top of the clock. It stopped whining. After some very peculiar movements, the mound of blankets gave birth to a bleary-eyed seventeen-year-old boy. The inhuman apparition staggered towards the bathroom. It paused when it came upon the mirror, seemingly startled by the ghastly visage reflected in the honest glass. Joe groaned, swore, spat and returned to the place affectionately called "The Pit" by the rest of the family. He visited the bathroom an hour later, reemerging looking considerably more human than the thing previously spotted. He was wearing a smart, but casual, luminous green shirt and bright blue jeans. He looked like something from the nightmares of the Jolly Green Giant. Citrus colored and smelling like soap, Joe ambled slowly downstairs for his breakfast. Joe met up with his best friend Ross at around twelve, just outside McDonalds. As was the custom by this time, both argued over whose turn it was to pay for the food, resolved, as ever by the tossing of a coin. As they munched on their soggy Big Mac burgers, their conversation steered towards the party that night. "You goin' then?" "Aye, widnae miss it fur onythin' in the world. Anyhow, Martine's gonnae be there, mebbes I'll hae a chance wi' her this time." "Aye, Ross, and my bum's jist swallied China." "Ah thought ye were lookin' a bit heavier that usual, but ah wis too polite tae mention it." At this, the two friends collapsed in fits of laughter, not even stopping when Ross began to choke on h... ...Joe looked apologetically at Sam. She nodded, a resigned smile upon her lips. "Yeah, I know. You've got to help your friend. It's OK. I understand. I'll see you later. Give me a call sometime." With that, Joe took the dumbstruck Ross by the arm and gently led him out of the door. As they walked home, the two friends reflected upon the night's events. "Ye should have seen your face, Ross! Ye were like a wean caught stealin' a sweetie!" "Yeah," answered Ross, sadly, "But it wis a' goin' so well up tae then." "Talk tae her the morra, explain whit happened. If she's worth it, then she'll gie ye another chance." "Aye," interrupted Ross, a cheeky grin on his face, "And if she isnae, at least I got tae feel her ar-" The two friends laughed their way down the darkened, but familiar, old streets. It looked like the holidays were going to be a lot of fun.

Billie Holiday Biography

Billie Holiday (born Eleanora Harris (1915–1959) was an African American jazz singer and songwriter. Her singing style, strongly inspired by jazz musicians, lead to a new way of using word choice and rhythm. A critic named John Bush once wrote that Holiday â€Å"changed the art of American pop vocals forever. † She only co-wrote a few songs, but a number of them have become jazz standards that many musicians strive to live up to.Some of these standards were set by songs of hers such as â€Å"God Bless the Child†, â€Å"Don't Explain†, â€Å"Fine and Mellow†, and â€Å"Lady Sings the Blues†. She also became famous for singing â€Å"Easy Living†, â€Å"Good Morning Heartache†, and â€Å"Strange Fruit†, a protest song  which became one of her standards and was made famous with her 1939 recording. In Harlem she started singing in various night clubs. Holiday took her professional pen name from  Billie Dove, an actress she admired, and the musician Clarence Holiday, thus was born â€Å"Billie Holiday†.The producer  John Hammond arranged for Holiday to make her recording debut, at age 18, in November 1933 with Benny Goodman, singing two songs: â€Å"Your Mother's Son-In-Law† and â€Å"Riffin' the Scotch. † The latter being her first big hit. â€Å"Son-in-Law† sold 300 records,  but â€Å"Riffin' the Scotch,† sold 5,000 records. Hammond was very impressed by Holiday's vocalization style. He said of Holiday that, â€Å"Her singing almost changed my music tastes and my musical life; because she was the first girl singer I'd come across who actually sang like an improvising jazz genius. Hammond compared Holiday positively to Armstrong and said she had a good sense of lyrics at her young age. In early 1959 Holiday found out that she had  cirrhosis of the liver. The doctor told her to stop drinking, which she did for a short time, but soon returned to heavy drinking . Some of her friends tried to get her to check into a hospital, but she did not go. On May 31, 1959, Holiday was forcibly taken to Metropolitan Hospital in New York suffering from  liver  and  heart disease.She was arrested for having drugs with her as she lay dying, and her hospital room was invaded by the police. Police officers were stationed at the door to her room because of her drugs. Holiday remained under police guard at the hospital until she died from  pulmonary edema  and  heart failure caused by cirrhosis of the liver on July 17, 1959. In the final years of her life, she had been gradually tricked out of her earnings because of her drug and alcohol addictions. She died with seventy cents in the bank and seven-hundred fifty dollar tabloid fee.

Microelectromechanical Systems And Emerging Technology Engineering Essay

The engine room that puzzles into history sm wholly fabrication of micro graduated table transducers, actuators, investigatings, capabilitys, inductances, valves, cogwheels, pumps, gyro mountain range, mirrors, switches, and so on, connatural to semiconductor french friess is referred to as Microelectro windup(prenominal) Systems, or MEMS. MEMS is an appear engine room which uses the tools and applied sciences that were developed for the integrate electrical circuit.In kernel, MEMS atomic number 18 smallish and combine devices, which combine electronics, electrical every office good as mechanic elements to eat into the control related sectional demands such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as detection and propulsion. MEMS determination plan is an drawn- bring out signifier of traditional microelectronic IC manufacture techniques. Unlike microelectronic IC engineering, MEMS engineering fundament pay off capacitances and inductances every bit good as mecha nized elements such as springs, cogwheels, propagates, split, and so on. It was impossible to manufacture these constituents using IC engineering. IC engineering raft only when manufacture music directors, insulators, and junctions ( rectifying tubes and transistors ) . MEMS, hence, is an advanced engineering every bit outlying(prenominal) as micro fabrication of Micro schemas argon concerned.MEMS atomic number 18 ticklishly altering the manner you live, in ways that you might neer recollect of. The device that senses your auto has been in an accident, and fires the airbag is a MEMS device. Most new autos read over a twelve MEMS devices, doing your auto safer, more(prenominal) push efficient, and more environmentally friendly. MEMS be happening their manner into a intermixture of medical devices, and mundane consumer merchandises.Examples of MEMS device applications take on inkjet-printer cartridges, accelerometers, illumination automatons, micro engines, locks, inert ial detectors, micro infections, micro mirrors, micro actuators, opthalmic s groundworkners, legato pumps, transducers, and chemical substance, line per unit of measurement ara and blend detectors. New applications be emerging as the bing engineering is applied to the miniaturisation and consolidation of courtly devices. common fig. 1.a MEMS device via medias electronics, electrical and robotic elementsConductorsResistorsCapacitorsInductorsSemi-music directorsInsulatorsDiodesTransistorsELECTRICALComponentsELECTRONICComponents automatic COMPONENTSAnchorRadio beam appearanceCantileverDiaphragmFlexure lurchHome platesPostProbeMICROLEVEL DIMENSIONCategorization of MEMSMechanical MEMSThey closelyly empha bulge two categories of devices automatonlike turn establish device and piezoelectric hurtle ground device. When the geometric structural constellations ar exploited for feeling and triping purpose so the MEMS design throw out be categorize at a lower place the first class. Assorted geometric structural constellations atomic number 18 fagtilever, beam, blank space base, stop and hollow chamber. Piezoelectric gormandize establish mechanical detectors and actuators exploit the consequence of piezoelectric inwardness. As piezoelectric effect concerns with mechanical be presbyopicingss such as emphasis and strain, piezoelectric effect block based MEMS devices nominate been classified under mechanical MEMS. Broadly, the mechanical MEMS use the undermentioned manners and rules.Cantilever beam as feeling component riding habit of plates/diaphragms social system for capacitive detectionMicrophones as skillful detectorsExploitation of coriolis acceleration in gyro stage setting for angular rate criterionsprecept of piezoelectric effect and piezomechanicsCantilevers bend when bosom per unit atomic number 18a is applied and hover in a manner akin to spring. Cantilever detectors wad be utilize for the sleu thing of physical, chemic al and biological analytes with comparatively good sensitiveness and call forivity. The application countries argon huge including acoustic steps, exhaust monitoring, viscousness and denseness measuring, infrargond and UV feel, charismatic and electric field sensing, sensing of chemical bluess, including medical and biological agents, measuring of contaminations in H2O, explosive bluess, atomic radiation and sensing of DNA.A mike is an electro-mechanical-acoustic transducer that transforms acoustical energy into electrical energy. These be air-coupled supersonic microsensors, which take the services of miniaturisation and low power inspiration offering a broad scope of applications such as near sensing and analytic thinking, wind noise flow turbulency detection and quiver detection. The rule of such detectors is based on the mechanical quiver of micro-membranes or stop. The stop is a thin, regular recurrence membrane that switchs up a capacitance with the land plane. T he lever of the electrical depicted object rewrites during the quiver cased by the sound signal. The distortion or divergence of the membranes from the prevalent pass judgment depends on the amplitude of the concomitant take up per unit area ( sound force per unit area ) .Measurement of the angular rate of rotary act is utile in many another(prenominal) applications. A really common application is the measuring of the orientation or lean a vehicle running at gamy velocity in a veer way. MEMS gyroscopes are designed to mensurate angular rate of rotary motion. The gyroscope exploits the Coriolos acceleration through with(predicate) a microplate with rotation-induced sidelong strain be sensed capacitively.Piezoelectric lunges such as lead zirconate titanate ( PZT ) are guarantee stuffs for MEMS applications due to their alone and singular props. The PZT transfer mechanical perturbations to electrical signals. Piezoelectric polymers are in any event now being utilise a bundantly as they offer the improvement of strain without weariness. Many MEMS accelerometers employ piezoelectric detection technique, using faecal mattertilever beams. abolish of piezoelectric effect is called piezomechanics which can be exploited for the design of piezoactuators.MEMS mechanical detectors are really popular because of easy integrating process in the micromachining mental process. The basic contest encountered in planing, nevertheless, is the execution of signal treat circuitry.Thermal MEMSThermal MEMS work on thermal phenomenon. Thermal phenomena are fundamentally draw in undercoats of thermoelectric consequence, Peltier consequence, thermo sensitiveness, piezoelectric effect and form memory consequence. The topical topics under thermic MEMS includeThermodevices including rule of thermocouple junction andthermopiles.Peltier heat pump and heat douse devices.Hotwire and microhotplate based thermic flow detector. practise of micro-thermo-vessels.U-shaped h orizontal and perpendicular uni-and bidirectional thermalactuators.Chevron actuator.Thermocouple investigation for imagining, topography and discriminating informations memoryapplications.MOEMSMicro Opto Electromechanical Systems is know as MOEMS. MOEMS are MEMS, but they handle optical signals alternatively of traditional electrical signals. MOEMS engineering accommodates the rules of optics, electronics and mechanics. MOEMS engineering requires a different frame of regulations for operation as opposed to commonplace MEMS universe. MOEMS show good unrestricted origination with negligible signal debasement and check quality of service ( QOS ) compared to traditional optoelectronic devices. noble operational bandwidth and low power inspiration are the cardinal characteristics of MOEMS devices.MOEMS puddle emerged to come out alone functionality in telecommunication applications. Manufacturers of these devices are calculating new chances in information engineering, wellness attention, military, industrial, and trial and measuring sectors. nearly of the most of significance application of MOEMS are listed as follows.Free-space optical switches, routers and beam splitters.Concentrating constituentsTunable filters viewing and projection systemsGuided ocular devices and tuners magnetised MEMSMagnetic stuffs play of outcome function in planing MEMS detectors, actuators and storage devices. The magnetic stuffs could be soft or difficult. The usage of magnetic stuffs in MEMS is a recent development. Soft ferromagnetic stuffs have lay down the most public-service commode in microsensors, microactuators and Microsystems. Hard magnetic stuffs have several applications including storage devices.Magnetoresistive ( MR ) stuffs are apply for feeling applications. They are utilize for observant the strength and way of the magnetic field, which in bend can mensurate the distance, propinquity, place, weight down and rotational velocity. The MR stuffs undergo a alteration in opposition in result to an applied magnetic field vector.RF MEMS radio set communications have existed for a long clip. New wireless communicating systems are being developed more apace than of all time. Wireless engineering utilizes RF ( Radio Frequency ) signal, which is an electromagnetic ( EM ) signal. Radio frequence operates in the scope 9 Khz to 300Ghz. RF MEMS is an emerging engineering that plays a major function in speed uping the current festering in wireless communicating. The impact depart be felt at all arcdegrees in the wireless substructure from mettlesome-end transmittal Stationss to low-end consumer merchandises, particularly nomadic phones. RF MEMS bestow new capablenesss and improved power efficiency, composition maintaining wireless devices little and low-cost. RF MEMS can be utilize for accomplishingTransmission and receptionTime hold for phased- arraysVCO tuning varying Delay Lines ( VDL )RF set select filtersReconfigurable aerials des ignIntermediate frequence ( IF ) filteringMicro unstableic SystemsThe look into of transit of fluids and their mixtures at a microscale degree is known as microfluidics. Microdevices, which are employ to transport and hive away fluid, are called microfluidic systems ( MFS ) . Typically the MFS grip fluid volumes in the order of nanoliter. round(prenominal) of the of import construction blocks of microfluidic systems areMicrochannelMicrovalvesMicronozzlesMicropumpsMicroreservoirs on that point are a great figure of applications of microfluidic systems. Some of the of import applications are inkjet printing, drug dispensing, reaction compendium, mix and separation, chemical synthesis, sensing of chemical species, familial analysis and conductive material processing. The advantages of MEMS compared to conventional fluidic systems are that the miniaturized system requires less reagent ( species or samples ) ensuing in faster, accurate and estimable measurings. Overall, the chief advantage of MFS is better public presentation.MFC requires building and design that significantly differs from macroscale computer hardware as the conduct of fluid at microlevel is different. For illustration, the capillary action alterations significantly when the fluid base on balls through microscale diameter channels. As the graduated table becomes little the dimensions of a device achieves a current rise and the fluid particles or the reply become comparable in size with the channel or the device itself.MFC are loosely employ in semiconducting material processing engineering. The demand of MFS in the semiconducting material sedulousness is for hit man diffusion and control. MEMS-based engineering can guess force per unit area regulators, shut-off valves, and cumulation flow accountants ( MFC ) for electronics forte gases ( ESG ) distribution. The usage of MFS and faculties eliminates the size and figure of dyers rockets and face seals used in incorporate gas control and distribution constituents. Regardless of the application spheres of MFS, the engineering design issues to be addressed are as followsPrecision alliance, truth, geometrical regularity and blandnessMechanical parametric quantities such as opposition to chair and high force per unit areas.Architecture for complex construction and packaging densenessStandardization issuesBIO and CHEMO-DevicesMicrodevices used for the analysis and sensing of biomedical and industrial reagents are called as bio and chemo-devices. Unlike MFS, bio and chemo-devices are diode-type, capacitor-type, transistor-type or 3D cantilever construction. such(prenominal) devices for sample analysis for biomedical and industrial demands are still under development. Some of the applications areForensicssFamilial showingStress-response analysisAntibodies cistron look in transgenic cellsBio-warfare agents sensingBacteria sensingDrug find, analysis and synthesisModeling AND SIMULATIONMEMS devices are designed on the f ooting of micromachining technique. Prior to their design, it is of import to analyze the behaviour of the systems.See a parallel floor base capacitance type motionless MEMS actuator. If a electromotive force were applied crossways the two electrodes of the microactuator so the movable hearthstone base would be displaced ensuing propulsion. When an outer forcing affair is applied to the system a alteration may non happen at all. The alteration occurs merely when the input signal overcomes the red constituent that is matter-of-fact in a existent system, the manner the system responds to the input depends on both(prenominal) input coercing subroutine and on the another(prenominal) factors such as its geometry and the stuff utilizing which the system has been built. The jurisprudence of preservation of energy ever governs the relationship in the midst of the input and the end ingathering of a system. In this instance the external forcing map could be a force, force per uni t area or magnetic field. The of import thing is that each and every system can be seen through some(a) signifier of regulating equations, which are formulated, based on the input and end product relationships.The government equations are called as divinatory account equations or in other words the theoretical account equations set the system. If exemplary equations are given it can be used directly off, else the equations have to be formulated merely by looking at the system. This is called as designation. Capacitor-based actuator is considered a simple dynamitic system and its analytic high-octane theoretical account equations can flat be written as,C = a A / cubic decimetre ( T )F = Q2 ( T ) / 2 a angstromI ( T ) = 1/R V ( T ) Q ( T ) cubic decimeter ( T ) / a A milliliter ( T ) = -bl ( T ) K cubic decimeter ( T ) l0 Q2 ( T ) / 2 a AngstromQ ( T ) = 1/R V ( T ) Q ( T ) cubic decimeter ( T ) / aA Where, v ( T ) = imperative input electromotive force Q ( T ) = bitc h in the capacitance F = C force C = electrical cleverness I ( T ) = current through resistance cubic decimeter ( T ) = air circularize l0 = initial spread ( when V ( T ) is zero ) A = home base country a = permittivity R = opposition in the circuit m = mass of the top home base B = muffling changeless K = spring invariable physique. 1.b Model draw of an electrostatic capacitive microactuatorL0 ( T )L0 ( T )mRBK+I ( T )V ( T )MEMS Packaging and Design ConsiderationsLike IC packaging, MEMS packages must(prenominal) hold the ability to run into some of import standards, such asThere should be good isolation amongst the non-sensing and feeling countries of the device,There must non be any hinderance to the driving actions such as tilting, writhing, revolving, skiding, or vibrating,Efficient matching at the nexus, junction, anchor country,Unreliability issues due to the undermentioned grounds.ContaminationInactive overload intermingleLodgingClampingDelaminationCreepFatigueMICROMACH ININGThe term micromachining refers to the fiction of 3D MEMS constructions with the assistance of advanced lithography followed by etching. Lithography patterns the structural stuff whereas etching removes the selective part of the substrate or thin movie based structural and sacrificial stuff already deposited. In general, the micromachining action can either utilize the stuff to cook microstructures by etching peachy into the stuff or utilize structural fare to bring fore the same. sacrificial freighter is etched off in order to obtain a give way 3D construction. Broadly, the fiction processes fall into two classs such asBulk micromachining pop out micromachining5.1 Bulk micromachiningBulk micromachining is a procedure used to bring forth micromachinery or microelectrical mechanical systems ( MEMS ) . It refers to etching through both the sides of a majority of stuff to organize the coveted constructions. The constructions are formed by wet chemical etching or by reactive ion etching ( RIE ) . The advantage of majority micromachining is that substrate stuffs such as vitreous silica or private crystal Si are quickly available and moderately high aspect-ratio constructions can be fabricated.Normally, silicon wafers are used as substrates for majority micromachining, as they can be anisotropically wet etched, organizing extremely regular constructions. Wet etching typically uses footc liquid dissolvers, such as K render oxide ( KOH ) or tetramethylammonium hydrated oxide ( TMAH ) to ache out Si which has been left over(p) exposed by the photolithography dissembling measure. These alkali dissolvers dissolve the Si in a extremely anisotropic manner, with some crystallographic orientations fade outing up to 1000 times faster than others. Such an attack is much used with really specific crystallographic orientations in the natural Si to bring forth V-shaped channels. The surface of these channels can be atomically smooth if the etch is carried out right, and the dimensions and angles can be exactly defined.5.2 heighten micromachiningSurface micromachining is another method that characterizes fiction of MEMS structures out of sedimentations thin movies, i.e, it involves the creative activity of mechanical constructions in thin movies already bragging(a) on the surface of the wafer. Layers from which the 3D constructions bequeath be created may be represent of three bottomlands as followsIsolation bed When Si substrate is used as the susbtrate, the first measure in surface micromachining is the deposition of an isolation bed. This bed is deposited with dielectric stuff such as Si dioxide ( SiO2 ) followed by a thin bed of Si nitrite. This acts as etch confirmation for many etchants.sacrificial bed Sacrificial bed is besides called spacer bed, which needs to be etched in order to make separate 3D construction. A phosphosilicate candy ( PSG ) bed os a preffered stuff for sacrificial bed.Structural stuff this is the bed fro m which the construction will be built. The most common structural stuff in microfabrication is polysilicon ( poly-Si or merely poly ) . Polysilicon stuff based micromachining has been the anchor of the fiction engineering for many of the microsensors and actuators.Basic apprehension and control of the stuff belongingss of structural moviesLet go ofing method for the microstructureFabrication characteristics for hinged constructions and high-aspect ratio devicesBoxing methodsFig 1.c, Surface micromachiningSilicon has first-class mechanical belongingss doing it an ideal stuff for machining. The beds are deposited in sequence and later some selective parts of the sacrificial and structural beds are removed to construct up a 3D mechanical construction. Hydrofluoric acid can fade out the sacrificial bed. salary increase and drying follow etching. Once done, the construction can be freed from the planar substrate. This is called release procedure.The surface micromachining procedure is a critical method, as it requires serious attending as the belongings of stuff significantly varies at the microstructure degree. In peculiar, following issues are dealt with careful attending.Market outgrowth of MEMSPresently, MEMS commercialize demands are going overwhelmingly high. MEMS-based systems developers are concentrating on technological inventions, as they complete to offer merchandises that meet leaf node demands every bit good as public presentation. The market increasingly is being strengthened by the fact that put in MEMS is time-based value technology that meets the high industry demand. User and sellers are besides really sensitive to monetary value of the market while explicating market schemes, at least over short term. The value of MEMS merchandises increased 14 billion USD by the twelvemonth 2000, that was justly predicted during 1995. The market for RF MEMS devices is forecasted to turn to 1 billion USD by 2006. Towards the beginning of the fourth one-four th in the twelvemonth 1998, NEXUS ( The Network of worth in Multifunctional Microsystems ) undertaking force denote the first Market Analysis for Microsystems , for the extent 1996-2002. Their survey included all types of Microsystems, including MEMS. It is estimated a jutting market growing of 14 billion USD to 38 billion USD by the twelvemonth 2002. physical body 1.c shows the illustration of market growing every bit far as gross revenues of MEMS merchandises are concerned. Figure 1.d shows approximative per centum of interact types of MEMS devices in versatile sectors.Fig. 1.d, Market growing of MEMS based merchandisesFig 1.e, An approximative illustration of MEMS merchandises in assorted sectorsApplicationsMEMS devices have already found fundamental applications in many sectors. They are used for commanding micromanipulator, micro-handling equipments, microgrippers and microrobots. Many MEMS devices are found in clock, ink-jet pressman psyche, discolour projection and s how systems and scanning investigation equipments. MEMS engineering besides designs many types of detectors including force per unit area, temperature, chemical and quiver detectors. MEMS-based sort out reflectors, beam splitter, RF and optical switches are common. Broadly the application sectors areAircraft industries automotiveChemical, clinical and pharmaceuticals industryAutomation industry and fabrication sectorsDefense and infinite applicationsenvironmentalCommunicationssHealth scientific discipline ( Pacemakers ) calculative ( Data storage devices, show, publishing caput )Consumer merchandises